Logical Operators in R

The Logical operators in R programming are useful to combine two or more conditions, and perform the logical operations using & (Logical AND), | (Logical OR), and ! (Logical NOT).

The Comparison Operators are useful to compare two variables, and what if we want to compare more than one condition? Very simple, R logical operators do the trick for you.

The table below describes the Logical Operators.

OPERATORS	NAME	DESCRIPTION	EXAMPLE
&	AND	It returns true when both conditions are true	c(20, 30) & c(30, 10)
&&	AND	Same as the above but, It works on single element	If (age > 18 && age <= 25)
|	OR	Same as logical OR but, It works on single-element	c(20, 30) | c(30, 10)
||	OR	If the condition is true, the logical NOT operator returns as false	If (age == 35 || age < 60)
!	NOT	Same as the above but, It works on a single element	If age = 18 then !( age = 18) returns false.

Let us see the truth tables behind the logical operators in this programming for better understanding

LOGICAL AND Truth table

Truth table behind the R logical AND operator is as shown below:

Condition 1	Condition 2	Condition 1 && Condition 2
True	True	True
True	False	False
False	True	False
False	False	False

LOGICAL OR Truth table

The Truth table behind the Programming logical OR operator is as shown below:

Condition 1	Condition 2	Condition 1 || Condition 2
True	True	True
True	False	True
False	True	True
False	False	False

Basic Logical Operators in R example

This example helps you understand how the logical operators in this Programming are used in If statements.

For this logical operators example, we assigned one integer variable. Then, inside the If Statement, we are using basic logical operators such as &&, ||, and !. Please refer to the Comparison Operators in R article.

# Logical Operators example

age <- 16
if (!(age > 18)) {
  print("You are Too Young")
} else if(age > 18 && age <= 35) {
  print("Young Guy")
} else if(age == 36 || age <= 60) {
  print("You are Middle Age Person")
} else {
  print("You are too Old")
}

From the screenshot below, you can observe that we entered age = 16. It means the age is not greater than 18, so the First statement will print.

Let us see what happens when we change the values. From the screenshot below, see that we have entered age = 29. It means the age is between 18 and 35, so the Second statement is printed

From the screenshot below, observe that we have entered age = 45. It means the age is between 36 and 60, so the third statement will print the output.

From the screenshot below, see that we have entered age = 72.

R Logical Operators example

This example helps you understand how each logical operator works. Remember, any positive integer value greater than zero is considered as Boolean TRUE, and 0 is considered as Boolean False.

# Logical Operators example

num1 <- c(TRUE, FALSE, 0, 23)
num2 <- c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)

# Performs AND operation on each element in both num1, num2 
num1 & num2

# Performs AND operation on first element in both num1, num2 
num1 && num2

# Performs OR operation on each element in both num1, num2 
num1 | num2

# Performs OR operation on first element in both num1, num2 
num1 || num2

This will convert all the num1 TRUE values to FALSE, and FALSE values to TRUE
!num1 

# From num2 Vector - This will convert all the TRUE values to FALSE, and FALSE to TRUE
!num2

In these logical operators example, first, we declared two vectors

num1 <- c(TRUE, FALSE, 0, 23)
num2 <- c(FALSE, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE)

The below statement compares each vector element and finds the logical relation.

num1 & num2

The following statement compares the first element of the num1 vector and the first element of the num2 vector. It means, TRUE && FALSE = FALSE.

num1 && num2